History of Surat - 13th to 17th Century CE

Surat is a port city located on the left bank of the Tapti River, in the present-day state of Gujarat. Described by French writer Abbe Reynal as a ‘mean hamlet before the 13th century CE', Surat went on to become one of the leading cities of trade and commerce during the rule of the Mughals. After Bengal and Gujarat were captured by the Mughals, Surat came under their control in 1573 CE.

Till the 15th century, Cambay was the major port of Gujarat. However, Cambay's harbour started silting up by the end of the 15th century CE and Surat grew in importance. Soon it grew to be the main commercial city of the Mughal Empire and the centre of their economic prosperity.

From Surat, merchants traded with the countries of the Persian Gulf, Arabia and Africa. The chief commodities exported from Surat were cotton and silk fabrics, which were highly sought after in the west. The gold zari work done here, called Surat zari, was much in demand all over the world. The other important items of export from Surat were spices, saltpetre, indigo, weapons and jewellery.

The Portuguese came to Surat in the 15th century CE to trade. By the 16th century CE, they practically controlled trade from Surat. However, in 1608 CE, the British challenged the might of the Portuguese and, in 1612 CE, defeated them. They received a royal firman in 1613 CE to establish their first factory in Surat. Surat became the seat of the Presidency of the British East India Company.

But the importance of Surat started declining after 1668 CE when the British set up their second factory at Bombay. Bombay soon replaced Surat as the seat of the Presidency of the British East India Company. Surat was also repeatedly attacked by the Marathas and much of its wealth taken away.